Thermal expansion, specific heat capacity and change of state

Learning objectives

Describe thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases at constant pressure, give everyday applications and consequences, and at Extended explain the relative sizes of expansion in terms of particle motion and arrangement

Know that raising the temperature of an object increases its internal energy, and describe a temperature rise as an increase in the average kinetic energy of the particles

Define specific heat capacity as the energy needed per unit mass per unit temperature rise and use c = ΔE/(mΔθ) (Extended)

Describe experiments to measure the specific heat capacity of a solid and of a liquid, including the main sources of error (Extended)

Describe melting and boiling as changes of state that need energy input without a temperature change, state the melting and boiling points of water at standard atmospheric pressure, and describe condensation and solidification in terms of particles

Describe evaporation as the escape of the most energetic particles from a liquid surface and know that it cools the liquid, and at Extended contrast it with boiling and explain how temperature, surface area and air movement affect its rate and how an evaporating liquid cools an object in contact with it