Learning objectives
Describe how sound is produced by vibrating sources and travels as a longitudinal wave that needs a medium, and at Extended describe its compressions and rarefactions
State the approximate range of human hearing as 20 Hz to 20 kHz and define ultrasound as sound above 20 kHz and, at Extended, describe its uses in sonar, medical scanning and non-destructive testing
Relate loudness to amplitude and pitch to frequency, and interpret waveform traces of different sounds
State the approximate speed of sound in air (330–350 m/s), describe an echo method for measuring it, and at Extended know that sound generally travels faster in solids than in liquids and faster in liquids than in gases
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