Learning objectives
Name the main functional areas of a business (human resources, finance, marketing and operations) and say what work each one carries out
Read a simple organisational chart: count its levels of hierarchy, trace the chain of command and find a manager’s span of control
Contrast a tall structure (many levels, long chain of command, narrow spans) with a flat one (few levels, short chain, wide spans) and explain what each means for communication, cost and supervision
Describe what managers do under five headings — planning, organising, coordinating, commanding and controlling — and weigh the gains from delegating work against its risks
Weigh the three main leadership styles (autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire) and pick the one that fits a given situation, with reasons
Say what a trade union is and what an employee gains by joining one
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