States of matter, kinetic theory and ideal gases

Learning objectives

Distinguish elements, compounds and mixtures, and classify a mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous, selecting a physical technique such as filtration, evaporation, distillation or chromatography to separate its components

Describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states in terms of the arrangement, separation and motion of the particles, and explain the changes of state on a heating or cooling curve in terms of kinetic and potential energy

Convert between the Celsius and kelvin temperature scales, and explain absolute temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles

State the assumptions of the ideal gas model, and explain why real gases deviate from ideal behaviour at high pressure and low temperature

Apply the ideal gas equation pV = nRT with R = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, and use the molar volume of an ideal gas of 22.7 dm³ mol⁻¹ at STP (273 K and 100 kPa) in calculations

Apply the combined gas law p₁V₁/T₁ = p₂V₂/T₂ to a fixed amount of gas, and interpret experimental pressure, volume and temperature data graphically