Learning objectives

Calculate molarity, prepare a solution of specified concentration by dilution, and determine the concentration of each ion present after a soluble ionic compound dissolves

Explain dissolution at the particulate level in terms of solute–solute, solvent–solvent and solute–solvent interactions, and use it to predict whether a solute is soluble in a given solvent

Explain how paper, thin-layer and column chromatography separate components by differences in their relative attractions to the stationary and mobile phases

Relate the energy of a photon to its frequency and wavelength, and match a type of electromagnetic radiation to the molecular or electronic transition it causes

Apply the Beer–Lambert law to relate absorbance to concentration, and determine an unknown concentration from a calibration curve of absorbance against concentration

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