Lewis diagrams, resonance, formal charge, VSEPR and hybridization

Learning objectives

Draw Lewis diagrams for molecules and polyatomic ions, including species that obey the octet rule and common exceptions, and count bonding and non-bonding electron domains

Use formal charge to choose between alternative Lewis structures, and represent delocalized bonding with resonance structures and a single averaged bond order

Predict electron-domain geometry and molecular shape using VSEPR, and explain how lone pairs compress bond angles relative to the ideal values

Determine whether a molecule is polar by combining bond dipoles with molecular geometry, and justify the answer using a three-dimensional representation

Assign sp, sp² and sp³ hybridization to a central atom from the number of electron domains, and identify sigma and pi bonds in a structure containing multiple bonds