Learning objectives
Predict the sign of ΔS° for a process from changes in the number of gas-phase particles, in phase and in the dispersal of matter and energy, and calculate ΔS° from standard entropies
Calculate ΔG° from ΔH° and ΔS° at a stated temperature and use its sign to decide whether a process is thermodynamically favored
Determine the temperature range over which a process becomes thermodynamically favored when ΔH° and ΔS° have the same sign
Relate ΔG° to the equilibrium constant through ΔG° = −RT ln K, and explain why a reaction that is thermodynamically favored may still be too slow to observe
Explain how an unfavorable reaction can be driven by coupling it to a favorable one, or by applying an external source of energy such as electrical work or light
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