Learning objectives
Describe transcription by RNA polymerase from the template strand, and describe the processing of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes by adding a 5′ cap and poly-A tail and by splicing out introns
Explain how alternative splicing allows one gene to produce more than one polypeptide
Use a codon table to translate an mRNA sequence into an amino acid sequence, and describe the roles of the ribosome, tRNA anticodons and the start and stop codons in initiation, elongation and termination
Explain what is meant by the genetic code being nearly universal and redundant, and why this universality allows genes to be transferred between species
Trace the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, and explain how retroviruses using reverse transcriptase depart from this pattern
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