(A Level) Organic synthesis: extended multi-step routes

Learning objectives

Identify the functional groups in a complex molecule, including arenes, phenols, acyl chlorides, amines, amides and amino acids, and predict its reactions with given reagents

Devise multi-step syntheses that combine AS and A Level reactions, e.g. benzene to phenylamine to phenol, or routes that add carbon atoms through Friedel–Crafts reactions or nitriles, giving reagents and conditions

Analyse a given route by classifying each step (e.g. electrophilic substitution, addition–elimination, reduction), suggesting by-products and choosing the order of steps needed to control the position of ring substitution