Learning objectives
Explain why managers need to motivate employees to achieve business objectives and how human needs may or may not be met at work.
Compare the content theories of Taylor (scientific management), Mayo (human relations), Maslow (hierarchy of needs), Herzberg (hygiene factors and motivators) and McClelland (needs for achievement, affiliation and power).
Explain Vroom's expectancy theory, in which motivation depends on expectancy, instrumentality and the valence of the reward.
Evaluate financial motivators: time-based pay, salary, piece rates, commission, bonuses, profit sharing, performance-related pay and fringe benefits.
Evaluate non-financial motivators — training, promotion and development opportunities, status, job redesign and job enrichment, team working, empowerment and participation in decision-making.
Apply motivation theory to recommend suitable methods for a given workforce and business.
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