Learning objectives
Distinguish hard HRM, which treats labour as a cost to be controlled, from soft HRM, which treats employees as an asset to be developed, and evaluate each approach.
Evaluate flexible working: temporary, zero-hours, part-time and full-time contracts, annualised hours, flexi-time, home working, shift work, job sharing, compressed hours and the gig economy.
Explain how poor employee performance is measured, for example through absenteeism, labour turnover, productivity and wastage, and analyse its causes and consequences.
Evaluate approaches a business can take to raise the performance of its employees.
Assess how Management by Objectives (MBO) cascades agreed targets through a business and how useful it is.
Analyse how IT and artificial intelligence are changing HRM, for example online recruitment, performance monitoring and automated rostering.
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